{
"end": 1529,
"entry": "1517–29 Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron surveys the area and is the first to discuss the possibility of a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean.",
"id": "powernic15171529",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1517,
"title": "Canal?",
"type": "type"
},
{
"end": 1521,
"entry": "1519–21 Cortés conquers Aztecs.",
"id": "warmex15191521",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1519,
"title": "Cortés conquers Aztecs.",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1522,
"entry": "1522 Gil Gonzalez Davila explores Nicaragua",
"id": "powernic1522",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1522,
"title": "Gil Gonzalez Davila explores Nicaragua",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1524,
"entry": "Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba explores Nicaragua and founds the cities of Leon and Granada",
"id": "powernic1524",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1524,
"title": "Foundings",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1527,
"entry": "1527
Pedrarias appointed first Governor of Nicaragua",
"id": "powernic1527",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1527,
"title": "First Governor",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1532,
"entry": "1532
Pizarro conquers Inca Empire.",
"id": "warper1532",
"loc": "per1",
"source": "",
"start": 1532,
"title": "Pizarro conquers Inca Empire",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1539,
"entry": "Spanish discover that Lake Nicaragua spills into the San Juan River which empties into the Caribbean Sea",
"id": "powernic1539",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1539,
"title": "Spanish Discoveries",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1543,
"entry": "Spain reorganizes its colonies in the Americas; Nicaragua becomes part of the Audiencia de los Confines covering most of Central America",
"id": "powernic1543",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1543,
"title": "The Audiencia de los Confines",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1567,
"entry": "Phillip II abandons the idea of a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean
",
"id": "powernic1567",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1567,
"title": "No Canal",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1570,
"entry": "Nicaragua becomes part of the Audiencia de la Guatemala",
"id": "powernic1570",
"loc": "nic2,
"source": "",
"start": 1570,
"title": "The Audiencia de la Guatemala",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1610,
"entry": "Leon destroyed when the volcano Momotombo erupts; city is rebuilt to the west of the original site
",
"id": "envirnic1610",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1610,
"title": "Momotombo erupts",
"type": "envir"
},
{
"end": 1635,
"entry": "1620s/30s \n
\n Spread of American crops (potatoes, maize, sweet potatoes, tobacco) across Eurasia and Africa.",
"id": "envirafr16251635",
"loc": "afr1",
"source": "",
"start": 1625,
"title": "American Crops in the old world",
"type": "envir"
},
{
"end": 1633,
"entry": "Bluefields established on the Mosquito Coast",
"id": "powernic1633",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1633,
"title": "Bluefields established on the Mosquito Coast",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1653,
"entry": "Beginning of plantation slavery in Americas. 20,000 black slaves in Barbados.",
"id": "economybar1653",
"loc": "bar1",
"source": "",
"start": 1653,
"title": "The horrors of the Plantation begin",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1655,
"entry": "England wins wars against Holland, takes Jamaica.",
"id": "warjam1655",
"loc": "jam2",
"source": "",
"start": 1655,
"title": "England Takes Jamaica",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1666,
"entry": "In 1664 and 1666, English buccaneers led by Henry Morgan attack and loot Granada",
"id": "wargra1",
"loc": "gra1",
"source": "",
"start": 1664,
"title": "Henry Morgan Loots Granada",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1678,
"entry": "British establish a protectorate over the Mosquito Coast and create the Miskito Kingdom.",
"id": "powernic1678",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1678,
"title": "Miskito Kingdom",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1687,
"entry": "1687
Whites and blacks unite in Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia in 1687.",
"id": "redfistusa1687",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1687,
"title": "Bacon’s Rebellion",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1691,
"entry": "Virginia legislature bans black-white marriages.",
"id": "powerusa1691",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1691,
"title": "subtitle",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1750,
"entry": "Brazil Forest product collectors begin to enter upper Amazon rivers on a seasonal basis",
"id": "envirbra1750",
"loc": "bra1",
"source": "",
"start": 1750,
"title": "The Upper Amazon",
"type": "envir"
},
{
"end": 1735,
"entry": "Charles Marie de la Condamine suggests building a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean",
"id": "powernic1735",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1735,
"title": "Revisiting the Canal Proposal",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1774,
"entry": "1774
Attempts at ‘scientific’ justification for racism—Long’s History of Jamaica.",
"id": "culturejam1774",
"loc": "jam1",
"source": "",
"start": 1774,
"title": "Racism, Failed Intellectual backings of",
"type": "culture"
},
{
"end": 1786,
"entry": "British agree to leave the Mosquito Coast. The agreement, known as the Convention of London, is with the Spanish, not with Nicaraguans.",
"id": "powernic1786",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1786,
"title": "British agree to leave the Mosquito Coast.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1788,
"entry": "Count Louis-Hector de Segur suggests building a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean",
"id": "powernic1788",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1788,
"title": "Count Louis-Hector de Segur suggests a canal",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1791,
"entry": "1791
Martin de Labastide suggests building a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean
",
"id": "powernic1791",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1791,
"title": "Martin de Labastide suggests building a canal",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1798,
"entry": "British take over Saint Domingue, defeated by ex-slave army.",
"id": "warnhai17931798",
"loc": "hai3",
"source": "",
"start": 1793,
"title": "British take over Saint Domingue",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1798,
"entry": "US Alien and Sedition Acts make it possible for the government to expel “aliens” judged to be “a danger to the peace and security” of the country. The various components of the acts expire within a two-to-four-year period due to their unpopularity.",
"id": "powerusa1798",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1798,
"title": "Alien and Sedition",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1803,
"entry": "Napoleon tries to reimpose slavery in Haiti, imprisonment and death of Toussaint, Dessalines leads ex-slave army to victory.",
"id": "hairedstar18011803",
"loc": "hai1",
"source": "",
"start": 1801,
"title": "Dessalines Victorious",
"type": "1803"
},
{
"end": 1804,
"entry": "Alexander von Humbolt suggests building a canal between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean",
"id": "powernic1804",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1804,
"title": "Yet another Canal proposal",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1807,
"entry": "Britain bans slave trade.",
"id": "econengland1807",
"loc": "eur1",
"source": "",
"start": 1807,
"title": "Britain bans slave trade",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1811,
"entry": "1811
First Nicaraguan uprising against Spain occurs in city of Rivas",
"id": "redfistnic1811",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1811,
"title": "Nicaraguan uprising in Rivas",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1821,
"entry": "1821
Central America follows the example of Agustin Iturbide in Mexico and declares independence from Spain; On February 24, the Plan de Iguala establishes Mexico's independence from Spain; Nicaragua becomes part of independent Mexico.",
"id": "redstarnic1821",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1821,
"title": "Independence and Dependence",
"type": "redstar"
},
{
"end": 1822,
"entry": "1822
Brazil declared independent from Portugal. This has little to do with a grassroots bottom-up resistance and more to do with a breakdown of elite relations between Brazil and Portugal, with the ex-prince of Portugal becoming Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil.",
"id": "powerbra1822",
"loc": "bra1",
"source": "",
"start": 1822,
"title": "Pedro I",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1822,
"entry": "Central America joins Iturbide's Mexican Empire.",
"id": "powergua1822",
"loc": "gua1",
"source": "",
"start": 1822,
"title": "Central America joins Iturbide's Mexican Empire.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1823,
"entry": "1823 Iturbide is overthrown and Central America declares itself independent as the United Provinces of Central America. ",
"id": "redstarhon1823",
"loc": "hon1",
"source": "",
"start": 1823,
"title": "The United Provinces of Central America",
"type": "redstar"
},
{
"end": 1833,
"entry": "1833
The first major peasant rebellion in El Salvador occurs. It is led by
the Indian Anastasio Aquino.",
"id": "redfistels1833",
"loc": "els1",
"source": "",
"start": 1833,
"title": "The first major peasant rebellion in El Salvador occurs.",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1838,
"entry": "1838
The United Provinces of Central America collapses, and conservative
caudillos come to power. Nicaragua becomes an independent country.
",
"id": "powernic1838",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1838,
"title": "The Caudillos rise",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1846,
"entry": "After California is seized by the United States, talks restart for an inter oceanic passageway through Nicaragua as a way to shorten the journey from New York to the West Coast. ",
"id": "powernic1846",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1846,
"title": "The Canal Proposed (again)",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1847,
"entry": "United States deliberately provokes Mexico by sending troops to the Rio Grande,
soon resulting in a full-scale war between the two countries.",
"id": "warmex1846",
"loc": "mex1",
"source": "",
"start": 1846,
"title": "US Troops Sent to Rio Grande",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1847,
"entry": "British re-establish the Mosquito Coast as a protectorate",
"id": "powernic1847",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1847,
"title": "British re-establish the Mosquito Coast as a protectorate",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1848,
"entry": "British seize San Juan del Norte and rename the port city Greytown",
"id": "powernic1848",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1848,
"title": "British seize San Juan del Norte and rename the port city Greytowne",
"type": "powere"
},
{
"end": 1848,
"entry": "Cornelius Vanderbilt establishes the Atlantic and Pacific Steam Co., which transports passengers across Nicaragua.",
"id": "economynic1848",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1848,
"title": "Cornelius Vanderbilt establishes the Atlantic and Pacific Steam Co.",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1848,
"entry": "1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo marks the end of the war. Under the terms of the treaty, the United States annexes 1,527,241 square kilometers of Mexican land, a territory equivalent in size to that of western Europe, and absorbed 100,000 Mexican citizens and 200,000 Native Americans living in the annexed territory. All or part of ten states result from the treaty: Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Utah, Nevada, and California.
",
"id": "powermex1848",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1848,
"title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo marks end of Mexican-American War",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1849,
"entry": "United States negotiates commercial treaty with Nicaragua",
"id": "economynic1849",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1849,
"title": "United States negotiates commercial treaty with Nicaragua",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1850,
"entry": "1850
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty confirmed; British-U.S. cooperation for any canal built across Central America",
"id": "powernic1850",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1850,
"title": "Clayton-Bulwer Treaty confirmed",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1851,
"entry": "Cornelius Vanderbilt establishes a cross-isthmus transit route consisting of a steamship route up the San Juan River and into Lake Nicaragua followed by a brief overland trip from Rivas to the Pacific Ocean",
"id": "economynic1851",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "1851",
"start": 1851,
"title": "Cornelius Vanderbilt establishes cross-isthmus transit route",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1854,
"entry": "1854
Fruto Chamorro Perez becomes the first President of the Republic of Nicaragua
",
"id": "powernic1854",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1854,
"title": "Fruto Chamorro Perez becomes the first President of the Republic of Nicaragua",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1854,
"entry": "March Liberal reformers in Mexico publish the Plan de Ayutla, initiating their
struggle against the conservatives who control the nation.
",
"id": "redfistmex1854",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1854,
"title": "Plan de Ayutla",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1853,
"entry": "The Gadsden Treaty results in a redefinition of the United States-Mexico boundary.
The United States gains additional land from Mexico, most notably the resource rich areas of southern New Mexico.",
"id": "powermex1853",
"loc": "mex1",
"source": "",
"start": 1853,
"title": "The Gadsden Treaty",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1855,
"entry": "August 17
Mexican dictator General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna flees the
country for Venezuela. Shortly afterwards, liberals such as Ignacio Comonfort and Benito Juarez establish a liberal government.",
"id": "redfistmex1855",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1855,
"title": "Antonio de Santa Anna is overthrown in Mexico",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1857,
"entry": "The U.S. military, with help from Vanderbilt, invades Nicaragua in an attempt to overthrow William Walker. The Costa Rican government, hearing of Walker's plans for further conquests in Latin America, resists his diplomatic overtures. Walker is ultimately defeated by a force of Costa Ricans at Rivas. He surrenders to the US and returns to the United States.",
"id": "powernic1857",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1857,
"title": "The defeat of William Walker",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": , 1857
"entry": "February 5
The liberal constitution is promulgated in Mexico. Among other reforms, this document wrests a great deal of power away from the Catholic Church.",
"id": "redstarmex1857",
"loc": "mex1",
"source": "",
"start": 1857,
"title": "subtitle",
"type": "redstar"
},
{
"end": 1860,
"entry": "1860
William Walker returns to Latin America, is captured in Honduras and, because no one really likes or trusts him, is executed at age 36.",
"id": "powerhon1860",
"loc": "hon1",
"source": "",
"start": 1860,
"title": "The Execution of William Walker",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1879,
"entry": "1860s/70s
Rubber Collectors begin penetrating upper Purus and Acre valleys",
"id": "envirbra18651879",
"loc": "bra2",
"source": "",
"start": 1865,
"title": "The Collectors",
"type": "envir"
},
{
"end": 1862,
"entry": "May 5, 1862
Oaxacan Brigadier General Porfirio Diaz beats back an invasion by the French army. This day is still celebrated in Mexico as the Cinco de Mayo.",
"id": "warmex1862",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1862,
"title": "Cinco de Mayo",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1864,
"entry": " The first comprehensive federal immigration law, the Act to Encourage Immigration establishes the first U.S. Immigration Bureau to increase immigration so that U.S. industries will have a sufficient labor supply during the Civil War.",
"id": "econusa1864",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1864,
"title": "Immigrant Labor During Civil War",
"type": "econ"
},
{
"end": 1869,
"entry": "1869
April 20 Anarchist Chavez Lopez issues manifesto calling for the peasants to rise up against the government, the church, and the plantation owners and expropriate the lands. Chavez Lopez called for the abolition of government and exploitation, declaring that: "We want: the land in order to plant it in peace and harvest it in tranquility; to leave the system of exploitation and give liberty to all in order that they might farm in the place that best accommodates them without having to pay tribute; to give the people the liberty to reunite in whatever manner they consider most convenient . . . without the need of outsiders who give orders and castigate . . . Long live socialism! Long live liberty!"
September 1 Chavez Lopez is executed by firing squad, crying "Long live socialism" as the federal troops discharge their ammunition.",
"id": "redfistmex1869",
"loc": "mex3",
"source": "Anarchism a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas",
"start": 1869,
"title": "The Brief and Wonderous Resistance of Chavez Lopez",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1870,
"entry": "1865-1870
Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay in war against Paraguay. Paraguay defeated.",
"id": "warpar18651870",
"loc": "par1",
"source": "",
"start": 1865,
"title": "Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay in war against Paraguay. Paraguay defeated.",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1879,
"entry": "1870s
Coffee becomes the principle crop in Nicaragua and foreign investment is encouraged
",
"id": "econnic18701879",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1870,
"title": "Coffee",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1872,
"entry": "1872
July 18 Mexican President Benito Juarez dies of a heart attack
",
"id": "powermex1872",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1872,
"title": "Mexican President Benito Juarez Dies",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1873,
"entry": "1873
September 16 Ricardo Flores Magan is born in San Antonio Eloxochitlan,
district of Teotitlan, Oaxaca on Mexican Independence Day.
",
"id": "culturemex1873",
"loc": "mex1",
"source": "",
"start": 1873,
"title": "Ricardo Flores Magan is born",
"type": "culture"
},
{
"end": 1875,
"entry": "1875
The law bars the immigration of convicts and of women for the purpose of prostitution, marking the first federal legislation restricting immigration into the United States.",
"id": "powerusa1875",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1875,
"title": "First federal legislation restricting immigration into the United States.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1876,
"entry": "1876
October 16
Partirio Diaz enters Mexico City after overthrowing President Lerdo . He assumes the head of a provisional government with the promise of "Effective Suffrage and No-Reelection."
",
"id": "redfistmex1876",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1876,
"title": "Partirio Diaz assumes power",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1876,
"entry": "1876
US Congress declares void all state laws regulating immigration.
",
"id": "powerusa1876",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1876,
"title": "US Congress declares void all state laws regulating immigration.",
"type": "powere"
},
{
"end": 1877,
"entry": "April 13, 1877
Enrique Flores Magon is born.",
"id": "redfistmex1877",
"loc": "mex1",
"source": "",
"start": 1877,
"title": "Enrique Flores Magon is born.",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1878,
"entry": "1878
Brazil First permanent rubber estate begun on Acre river",
"id": "economymex1878",
"loc": "mex2",
"source": "",
"start": 1878,
"title": "Brazil First permanent rubber estate begun on Acre river",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1910,
"entry": "1880-1910
The feudal hacienda system of El Salvador usurps large tracts of communal peasant land for coffee-growing. Peasants evicted from these lands are forced to become sharecroppers and bondservants.",
"id": "economyels18801910",
"loc": "els2",
"source": "",
"start": 1880,
"title": "The Hacienda Infection",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1911,
"entry": "1880-1911
Brazil Rubber boom - Acre Fina considered best quality rubber for export. North-east rural workers fleeing drought migrate to become rubber tappers
",
"id": "econbra18801911",
"loc": "bra3",
"source": "",
"start": 1880,
"title": "Brazil Rubber boom",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1882,
"entry": "1882
The Immigration Act of August 3, 1882 increases the restriction of immigrants,
barring the entry of “idiots, lunatics, convicts, and persons likely to become public
charges.” The law also empowers the treasury secretary to administer immigration
laws, thus formally giving the federal government the duty to regulate immigration
for the first time. The act eliminates the ability of states to regulate immigration.
The Chinese Exclusion Act bars the entry of Chinese laborers.
",
"id": "powerusa1882",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1882,
"title": "The Immigration Act of 1882",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1885,
"entry": "Along with a law passed in 1887, legislation prohibits the admission of contract laborers. The 1885 Contract Labor Law forbade American individuals or organizations from engaging in labor contracts with individuals prior to their immigration to the United States, and forbade ship captains from transporting immigrants under labor contracts. Laws are largely symbolic in nature, having almost no impact on the U.S. labor market.",
"id": "economyusa1885",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1885,
"title": "The 1885 Contract Labor Law",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1888,
"entry": "Brazil Abolishes slavery",
"id": "economybra1888",
"loc": "bra1",
"source": "",
"start": 1888,
"title": "Brazil Abolishes slavery",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1893,
"entry": "1893
Liberal revolt brings Jose Santos Zelaya to power",
"id": "redstarnic1893",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1893,
"title": "Liberal revolt brings Jose Santos Zelaya to power",
"type": "redstar"
},
{
"end": 1894,
"entry": "Last British intervention on Mosquito Coast",
"id": "powernic1894",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1894,
"title": "Last British intervention on Mosquito Coast",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1899,
"entry": "1894-1899
A Series of four US Military interventions in Nicaragua to protect U.S. Interests",
"id": "powernic18941899",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1894,
"title": "Four US Military interventions 1894 - 1899",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1879,
"entry": "1879
Uprising in Veracruz, Mexico against Diaz is suppressed with great violence.",
"id": "redfistrmex1879",
"loc": "mex4",
"source": "",
"start": 1879,
"title": "Uprising in Veracruz",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1880,
"entry": "1880
Manuel Gonzalez is elected president, but Diaz is still effectively in control.
",
"id": "powermex1880",
"loc": "mex5",
"source": "",
"start": 1880,
"title": "Manuel Gonzalez is elected president, but...",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1891,
"entry": "1891
The Immigration Act of 1891 orders the deportation of those who enter the United
States without authorization and creates the Office of Immigration within the
Department of the Treasury. The law also prohibits the admission of “polygamists,
persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude, and those suffering a
loathsome or contagious disease.”
",
"id": "powerusa1891",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1891,
"title": "The Immigration Act of 1891",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1892,
"entry": "1892
May 1 6 Ricardo Flores Magan, along with his brothers Jesus and Enrique,
now at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, joins in a demonstration against the
Diaz dictatorship and is arrested. The people of Mexico protest against the
arrests, saving him and many others from execution. Ricardo goes free after a
short detention. His brother Jesus is sentenced to five months for sedition in
Belen prison.",
"id": "redfistmex1892",
"loc": "mex6",
"source": "",
"start": 1892,
"title": "The Magan Brothers protest",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1893,
"entry": "1893
Legislation requires all vessels entering the United States to provide a list of passengers.",
"id": "powerusa1893",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1893,
"title": "Passenger Lists",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1893,
"entry": "February 1893
Flores Magan joins the staff of the opposition newspaper El Democrata. The paper lasts until April when the police surround Flores Magan's house to arrest him and other comrades working on the paper. However, he escapes by jumping from a window. The rest of the staff is taken. Flores Magan hides with friends for three months before returning to school.",
"id": "redfistmex1893",
"loc": "mex7",
"source": "",
"start": 1893,
"title": "Flores Magan Hides.",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1899,
"entry": "Minor C. Keith, a North American, founds the United Fruit Company in Honduras.",
"id": "econhon1899",
"loc": "hon1",
"source": "",
"start": 1899,
"title": "United Fruit Company Forms",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1901,
"entry": "1901 United Fruit is the first transnational corporation to arrive in Guatemala.",
"id": "econgua1901",
"loc": "gua1",
"source": "",
"start": 1901,
"title": "United Fruit Arrives in Guatemala",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1902,
"entry": "1902 United States decides to build a cross-isthmus canal in Panama rather than Nicaragua
",
"id": "econpan1902",
"loc": "pan1",
"source": "",
"start": 1902,
"title": "A Plan, A Canal",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1903,
"entry": "The Immigration Law of 1903 adds to the list of barred immigrants the categories of epileptics, the insane, professional beggars, and anarchists. The law also transfers responsibilities for the administration of immigration laws from the Secretary of the Treasury to the new Department of Commerce and Labor.",
"id": "powerusa1903",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1903,
"title": "subtitle",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1904,
"entry": "1903-04
A series of U.S. military interventions in Panama during and following the revolt against Colombia. ",
"id": "powerpan19031904",
"loc": "pan2",
"source": "",
"start": 1903,
"title": "US Military Interventions",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1904,
"entry": "1904
Panama establishes a monetary system based on U.S. dollar.",
"id": "economypan1904",
"loc": "pan3",
"source": "",
"start": 1904,
"title": "Panama establishes a monetary system based on U.S. dollar.",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1907,
"entry": "U.S. military intervention in Honduras during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua.
",
"id": "powerhon1907",
"loc": "hon2",
"source": "",
"start": 1907,
"title": "U.S. military intervention in Honduras during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1907,
"entry": "1907
President Theodore Roosevelt signs a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan by which Tokyo agrees to limit the exodus of Japanese migrants to the United States. Congress enacts a bill that authorizes the president to enter into international agreements to regulate immigration. The Act of February 20, 1907 requires that all boundary crossers enter the United States through an official port of entry.
",
"id": "powerusa1907",
"loc": "usa3",
"source": "",
"start": 1907,
"title": "Japanese Immigration to US Limited.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1909,
"entry": "1909
Conservative revolt, supported by U.S. marines, overthrows Liberal government of Jose Santos Zelaya in Nicaragua.",
"id": "powernic1909",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1909,
"title": "Conservative revolt, supported by U.S. marines, overthrows Liberal government of Jose Santos Zelaya in Nicaragua.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1911,
"entry": "1911
United States places Nicaragua under a customs receivership and controls Nicaragua's trade revenues for next 38 years.",
"id": "economynic1911",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1911,
"title": "United States places Nicaragua under a customs receivership",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1941,
"entry": "1911 - 1940s
Brazil Period of stagnation in the rubber industry",
"id": "economybra19111941",
"loc": "bra8",
"source": "",
"start": 1911,
"title": "Brazil Period of stagnation in the rubber industry",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1925,
"entry": "1912-25
Occupation of U.S. Marines maintains Conservatives in power in face of continued Liberal rebellion in Nicaragua.",
"id": "powernic19121925",
"loc": "nic4",
"source": "",
"start": ,
"title": "US Marines Occupy 1912-25",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1914,
"entry": "Outbreak of First World War, collapse of Second International.
",
"id": "wareur1914",
"loc": "eur1",
"source": "",
"start": 1914,
"title": "Outbreak of First World War, collapse of Second International.",
"type": "war"
},
{
"end": 1917,
"entry": "1917
The Immigration Act of 1917 restates all past qualitative exclusions and also adds
the categories of illiterates, requiring a literacy test and an eight-dollar head tax for
entry. The legislation also establishes the “Asiatic Barred Zone,” a geographic area
that included most of Asia and the Pacific Islands, further restricting the entry of
Asian immigrants.
",
"id": "powerusa1917",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1917,
"title": "The Immigration Act of 1917",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1918,
"entry": "The 1918 Passport Act makes it a crime for any “alien” to enter the United States without a passport.",
"id": "powerusa1918",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1918,
"title": "The 1918 Passport Act",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1919,
"entry": "1919
Unions from El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras Join short·lived PanAmerican Federation of Labor which is sponsored by American Federation of Labor.",
"id": "redfisthon1919",
"loc": "hon1",
"source": "",
"start": 1919,
"title": "PanAmerican Federation of Labor",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1920,
"entry": "In 1920, President Coolidge announces Evart Doctrine to justify U.S. intervention in internal affairs of Latin America in order to protect U.S. foreign holdings. President Coolidge was of the view that the person and property of a citizen are part of the general domain of the nation, i.e. the US nation, even when abroad. This thesis formed the basis of the Evart Doctrine,which claimed legal immunity for US citizens and their business activities in Latin America, in violation of the national sovereignty of the affected countries. This overarching position of the US government provided another modality of justification for interventionism in Latin America, and was a continuing source of friction in US-Latin American relations.",
"id": "powerusa1920",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "Geopolitics andthe Post-colonial by David Slater",
"start": 1920,
"title": "The Evart Doctrine",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1920,
"entry": "U.S. military intervention in Guatemala during a period of fighting between trade unionists and the government. President Coolidge pressures Guatemala to overthrow President Carlos Herrera, enabling United Fruit to expand.",
"id": "powergua1920",
"loc": "gua11920",
"source": "",
"start": 1920,
"title": "The Suffocating influence of United Fruit",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1921,
"entry": "Unrest in San Salvador as women strikers are killed and a shoemakers' strike is brutally crushed.",
"id": "powerels1921",
"loc": "els1",
"source": "",
"start": 1921,
"title": "Brutally Crushed",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1921,
"entry": "The Temporary Quota Act of 1921 limits the number of admissions of any one particular nationality to three percent of the group’s population already in the United States according to the 1910 census; this marks the first quantitative immigration restriction in U.S. history.",
"id": "powerusa1921",
"loc": "usa3",
"source": "",
"start": 1921,
"title": "The Temporary Quota Act of 1921",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1924,
"entry": "Regional Federation of Workers of El Salvador is established with 80,000 members; it affiliates with the Central American Workers Federation. ",
"id": "redfistels1924",
"loc": "els2",
"source": "",
"start": 1924,
"title": "Regional Federation of Workers of El Salvador",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1924,
"entry": "The Immigration Act of 1924 (also known as the Johnson-Reed Act) makes the 1921 quotas permanent, but uses the census of 1890 as its base. The legislation includes the Oriental Exclusion Act, which bans all Asian immigration except that from the Philippines. The 1924 act also requires immigrants for the first time to obtain visas from U.S. consular officials abroad before traveling to the United States. As before, the restrictions have unintended consequences, leading to a rapid rise in the number of unauthorized European immigrants who would enter from Canada or Mexico, countries not subject to immigration quotas. The Department of Labor Appropriations Act grants one million dollars for “additional land-border patrol,” thus creating the U.S. Border Patrol.",
"id": "powerusa1924",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1924,
"title": "The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1929,
"entry": "In 1929, International Railways of Central America, a United Fruit affiliate, connects Guatemalan and Salvadoran railways. IRCA also operates banana railroads in Costa Rica and Honduras.",
"id": "economyhon1929",
"loc": "hon3",
"source": "",
"start": 1929,
"title": "International Railways of Central America",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1929,
"entry": "1929
The Act of March 4, 1929 makes the entry of noncitizens at locations other than those designated by the U.S. government or by means of “a willfully false or misleading representation” a misdemeanor. It also makes reentry of a previously deported “alien” a felony. Both “crimes,” according to the act, are punishable by
fine and/or imprisonment. The combination of the onset of the Depression and rising anti-Mexican immigrant
sentiment results in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Mexican immigrants between 1929 and 1935, including tens of thousands of U.S. citizens of Mexican descent.
",
"id": "powerusa1929",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1929,
"title": "The Act of March 4, 1929",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1929,
"entry": "1929
Great Depression in United States adversely affects all Central American economies.
",
"id": "economyusa1929",
"loc": "usa3",
"source": "",
"start": 1929,
"title": "The Great Depression",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1930,
"entry": "Getulio Vargas comes to power in Brazil",
"id": "powerbra1930",
"loc": "bra2",
"source": "",
"start": 1930,
"title": "Getulio Vargas comes to power in Brazil",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1931,
"entry": "New dictators Jorge Ubico of Guatemala and Carias Andino of Honduras receive immediate support of U.S. government.
",
"id": "powergua1931",
"loc": "gua1",
"source": "",
"start": 1931,
"title": "The New dictators",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1931,
"entry": "New dictators Jorge Ubico of Guatemala and Carias Andino of Honduras receive immediate support of U.S. government.
",
"id": "powerhon1931",
"loc": "hon1",
"source": "",
"start": 1931,
"title": "The New dictators",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1931,
"entry": "1931
In El Salvador dictator Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez takes power. The Communist Party of El Salvador wins a number of municipal elections, but Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, the military dictator, refuses to accept the electoral results.",
"id": "powerels1931",
"loc": "els1",
"source": "",
"start": 1931,
"title": "Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1932,
"entry": "Earthquake destroys Managua",
"id": "envirnic1932",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1932,
"title": "Earthquake destroys Managua",
"type": "envir"
},
{
"end": 1933,
"entry": "President Herbert Hoover merges the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization to form the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).",
"id": "powerusa1933",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1933,
"title": "The Beginning of INS",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1933,
"entry": "President Franklin Roosevelt announces Good Neighbor Policy for Latin America and declares that United States is opposed to armed intervention.",
"id": "powerusa1933",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1933,
"title": "The Good Neighbor Policy",
"type": "power"
},
1933
{
"end": 1933,
"entry": "Congress withdraws appropriation for US marines. Before leaving Nicaragua, United States sets up National Guard and appoints Somoza Garcia as commander-in-chief. Sandino agrees to peace settlement.",
"id": "powernic1933",
"loc": "nic2",
"source": "",
"start": 1933,
"title": "The Americans Hand Power to Somoza",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1934,
"entry": "A National Guard detachment assassinates Sandino after he leaves a meeting at the presidential palace.",
"id": "powernic1934",
"loc": "nic3",
"source": "",
"start": 1934,
"title": "The Assassination of Sandino",
"type": "power"
},
1936
{
"end": 1936,
"entry": "Somoza with the support of the Guard becomes president of Nicaragua
",
"id": "powernic1936",
"loc": "nic1",
"source": "",
"start": 1936,
"title": "Somoza becomes President",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1937,
"entry": "Brazil’s Vargas establishes authoritarian State, the Estado Novo.
Nationalism was perhaps, in this period, the identifiable common denominator of the military's political orientations in the several Latin American countries. The officers' seemingly ambiguous behaviour, often more authoritarian than reformist even in the 'revolutionary' experiments, always had its roots in their underlying concern, even in the pursuit of social justice, to reinforce the human, economic and therefore military potential of their nations. This orientation accorded with the policies of independent, inward-looking development through import substitution industrialization, which were beginning to be adopted at the time. This national-militarist current, which was not systematically opposed to change if carried out in an orderly fashion, nor to improvements in the labouring classes' conditions if accomplished under the state's tutelage, seems to have been dominant in the armed forces. Without multiplying the examples, suffice it to recall that in Brazil, not only did numerous officers show an affinity for integralismo, but the Estado Novo itself was founded in 1937 by a general staff imbued with similar attitudes. General Pedro Goes Monteiro, minister of war (1934—37) and army chief of staff (1937—44), who hoped "progressively to increase state power" and who was
said to be a fascist sympathizer and pro-German, listed among the greatmen of the day, who embodied the political experiments he admired:"Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Mustafa Kemal Pacha, Roosevelt and Salazar".
They had, in his view, each in his own way, succeeded in 'creating new organs and new state institutions, thereby furnishing the state with the means to overcome the domestic crisis'. The political ideal of the Estado Novo's most important military potentate was, in brief, that "the state must have the power to intervene to regulate the whole of collective life and to discipline the nation."
Repression of the left was intensified after the failed Communist-military risings of November 1935, and the Integralists were forcefully suppressed after the failure of their May 1938 coup attempt. The Italian and German
communities of southern Brazil naturally contained many Axis sympathizers, and were also Integralist strongholds. The Estado Novo imposed censorship and relied on a powerful secret police apparatus. Immigrant enclaves with their own schools, newspapers and autonomous civic organizations were now brought under central control and required to promote the Portuguese language. The German community, in particular, was forced in 1938 to choose between its allegiance to the Reich and its allegiance to Brazil, and thousands left for Europe in disgust. An August 1938 decree provided that
conscripts must only speak Portuguese during their military training. The large Japanese community in Brazil was also subject to these measures, although in practice it preserved a large degree of separateness, at least until the shock of the Emperor's surrender in 1945. For several years thereafter a substantial sector of the Japanese community persisted in believing this to be a lie, propaganda invented by the Brazilian and western press.
",
"id": "powerbra1937",
"loc": "bra1",
"source": "The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6",
"start": 1937,
"title": "Estado Novo",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1940,
"entry": "The INS moves from the Department of Labor and becomes part of the Department of Justice.
",
"id": "powerusa1940",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1940,
"title": "The Criminal INS",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1942,
"entry": "1942
The Bracero Program begins. As labor shortages reappeared during World War II, the U.S. government launched the Bracero Program that recruited millions of Mexican laborers, many of whom were expelled through Operation Wetback that was implemented during the economic downturn of the late 1950s.",
"id": "powerusa1942",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1942,
"title": "Bracero",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1945,
"entry": "1942-1945
Rubber estates re-activated under US/Brazilian agreement. New wave of rubber tappers brought from north-east Brazil",
"id": "econbra19421945",
"loc": "bra9",
"source": "",
"start": 1942,
"title": "subtitle",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1943,
"entry": "Congress repeals the Chinese Exclusion Laws, largely as a result of the U.S. entry into World War II as an ally of China against Japan.",
"id": "powerusa1943",
"loc": "usa1",
"source": "",
"start": 1943,
"title": "Congress repeals the Chinese Exclusion Laws",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1944,
"entry": "Nervous about popular unrest in El Salvador, the United States advises General Martinez to resign. Military rule continues. ",
"id": "powerels1944",
"loc": "els1",
"source": "",
"start": 1944,
"title": "The United States advises General Martinez to resign.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1945,
"entry": "U.S. government starts to provide credit for purchase of U.S. exports through provisions of Export-Import Bank Act.",
"id": "economyusa1945",
"loc": "usa2",
"source": "",
"start": 1945,
"title": "US Exports credited through Export-Import Bank Act.",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1968,
"entry": "1945-late 60s
Brazilian Rubber estates subsidised by federal government",
"id": "econbra19471968",
"loc": "bra8",
"source": "",
"start": 1945,
"title": "Brazilian Rubber estates subsidized by federal government",
"type": "economy"
},
{
"end": 1947,
"entry": "
U.S.-sponsored Rio Pact stresses cooperation between United States and Latin America against external attack.
A formal alliance system for the Western hemisphere, established by a treaty signed on September 2, 1947 at an Inter-American Defence Conference held at Petrópolis near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by 19 of the 21 American republics. Its formal title in English is the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and, in Spanish, Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca. Since then, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Trinidad and Tobago and the Bahamas have adhered to the Treaty, but Cuba withdrew on March 29, 1960, and Mexico gave notice in 2002 of its intention to do so also. By Article 3 of the Treaty the signatories ‘agree that an armed attack by any states against an American state shall be considered as an attack against all the American states’, and consequently ‘undertake to
assist in meeting the attack in exercise of the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the UN Charter’. The procedure for doing so is that ‘on the request of the state or states directly attacked and until the decision of the organ of consultation of the inter-American system’, each of the signatories ‘may determine immediate measure which it may individually adopt in fulfilment of the obligation contained in the preceding paragraph and in accordance with the principle of continental solidarity. The organ of consultation shall meet without delay for the purpose of examining these measures and agreeing upon measures of a collective character that should be adopted’. The Treaty was invoked on 14 occasions between 1948 and 1962; it has only been invoked once since, by the USA in 2001.",
"id": "powerbra1947",
"loc": "bra5",
"source": "",
"start": 1947,
"title": "U.S.-sponsored Rio Pact stresses cooperation between United States and Latin America against external attack.",
"type": "power"
},
{
"end": 1948,
"entry": "The Partido Revolucionario de Unificacion Democratica (Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification-PRUD) is founded in El Salvador. Its leader, Oscar Osorio, is president from 1950 to 1956. This is the beginning of a period of industrialization. ",
"id": "redfistels1948",
"loc": "els1",
"source": "",
"start": 1948,
"title": "The Partido Revolucionario de Unificacion Democratica is Founded",
"type": "redfist"
},
{
"end": 1948,
"entry": "An anti-communist revolution led by Jose Figueres and supported by United States is successful in Costa Rica. Figueres, three-time president of Costa Rica, later admits to his connections with CIA.
From William Blum’s Killing Hope:
“If ever the CIA maintained a love-hate relationship, it was with Jose Figueres, three times the head of state of Costa Rica.
On the one hand, Figueres, by his own admission in 1975, worked for the CIA 'in 20,000 ways … all over Latin America' for 30 years.1 'I collaborated with the CIA when we were trying to topple Trujillo,' he divulged, speaking of the Dominican Republic dictator.
On the other hand, Figueres revealed that the Agency had twice tried to kill him. He did not elaborate, although he stated at the same time that he had tried for two years to get the Bay of Pigs invasion called off. This may have precipitated one or both of the assassination attempts.
The CIA also tried to overthrow the Figueres. government. In 1964, the first significant expose of the Agency, The Invisible Government, disclosed that:
in the mid-1950s CIA agents intruded deeply into the political affairs of Costa Rica, the most stable and democratic republic in Latin America. Knowledgeable Costa Ricans were aware of the CIA's role. The CIA's purpose was to promote the ouster of Jose (Pepe) Figueres, the moderate socialist who became President in a fair and open election in 1953.
"seeing that all efforts to return Nicaragua to being (or to becoming for the first time) a free country without shame or stain have been futile, I have decided that I should be the one to try to initiate the beginning of the end of this tyranny."A few days later in his hometown of Leon, he publicly assassinated Anastasio Somoza. He was himself immediately killed, receiving thirty-five bullet wounds. As we know, he did in fact "initiate the beginning of the end" of that tyranny. Rigoberto tried to console his mother by denying that his act was a sacrifice: "I hope that you will take this calmly. You must understand that my act is a duty that any Nicaraguan would desire to be done for his country . . . not a sacrifice, but a duty that I want to fulfill."